Thursday, May 31, 2012

HOT NAIL REANKARNASI TODAY

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HOT NAIL REANKARNASI TODAY

By : AlexxpuNkreaNk grezIkraYa, writers article nail art for u, at : 22:40 - 31/05/2012

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Rusty Nail (cocktail)

By : AlexxpuNkreaNk grezIkraYa, writers article nail art for u, at : 22:40 - 31/05/2012

A Rusty Nail is made by mixing Drambuie and Scotch Whisky. Many prefer less Drambuie to decrease the sweetness of the drink. Scotch Whisky has a fairly biting and hot taste that is counterbalanced by the honeyed, herbal overtones of the Drambuie. A Rusty Nail can be served in an old-fashioned glass on the rocks, neat, or "up" in a stemmed glass. It is most commonly served over ice. A Rusty Nail served without ice is sometimes called a Straight Up Nail. The Canadian version of the drink is called a "Donald Sutherland" and substitutes Canadian rye whisky for scotch

Nail (fastener)

By : AlexxpuNkreaNk grezIkraYa, writers article nail art for u, at : 22:49 - 31/05/2012

In woodworking and construction, a nail is a pin-shaped, sharp object of hard metal or alloy used as a fastener. Formerly wrought iron, today's nails are typically made of steel, often dipped or coated to prevent corrosion in harsh conditions or improve adhesion. Ordinary nails for wood are usually of a soft, low-carbon or "mild" steel (about 0.1% carbon, the rest iron and perhaps a trace of silicon or manganese). Nails for concrete are harder, with 0.5-0.75% carbon.[citation needed]

Nails are typically driven into the workpiece by a hammer, a pneumatic nail gun, or a small explosive charge or primer. A nail holds materials together by friction in the axial direction and shear strength laterally. The point of the nail is also sometimes bent over or clinched after driving to prevent falling out.

Nails are made in a great variety of forms for specialized purposes. The most common is a wire nail. Other types of nails include pins, tacks, brads, and spikes.

History

Nails go back at least to the Ancient Roman period. The provision of iron for nails by King David for Solomon's Temple is mentioned in the Bible.[1] Until the end of the 18th century, they were made by hand, and were provided by an artisan known as a nailer. Until the early 17th century there were workmen called Slitters who cut up iron bars to a suitable size for Nailers to work on, but in 1590 the slitting mill was introduced to England, providing a mechanical means of producing rods of uniform cross-section. In the 19th century, after the invention of machines to make "cut nails", some nails continued to be made by hand, but the handmade nail industry gradually declined and was largely extinct by the end of that century.

Manufactured cut nails were first introduced in America at the end of the 18th century. Cut nails are machine-cut from flat sheets of steel (originally iron). They are also called square nails because of their roughly rectangular cross section. Though still used for historical renovations, and for heavy-duty applications, such as attaching boards to masonry walls, cut nails are much less common today than wire nails.

Usage

- Types of nail include:

1. brass tack - Brass Tacks are commonly used where corrosion may be an issue, such as furniture where contact with human skin salts will cause corrosion on steel nails.
2. bullethead nail
3. canoe tacks
4. carpet tack
5. casing - Casing nails have a head that is smoothly tapered, in comparison to the "stepped" head of a finish nail. When used to install casing around windows or doors, they allow the wood to be pried off later with minimal damage when repairs are needed, and without the need to dent the face of the casing in order to grab and extract the nail. Once the casing has been removed, the nails can be extracted from the inner frame with any of the usual nail pullers.
6. clout
7. coil nails
8. coffin nail
9. corrugated
10. Dheadnails
11. double-ended
12. fiber cement
13. f1inish - has the same diameter as a box nail.
14. horseshoe
15 joist
16. lost-head
17. masonry - fluted nail for use in concrete

- Nail-maker's work-bench or anvil in a storeroom of the Black Country Living Museum

1. nail bomb shrapnel
2. oval brad - Ovals utilize the principles of fracture mechanics to allow nailing without splitting. Highly anisotropic materials like regular wood (as opposed to wood composites) can easily be wedged apart. Use of an oval perpendicular to the wood's grain cuts the wood fibers rather than wedges tham apart, and thus allows fastening without splitting, even close to edges.
3. floor brad (aka 'stigs') - flat, tapered and angular, for use in fixing floor boards
4. panel pin
5. plastic strip
6. gutter spikes
7. roofing tack
8. ring shank - nails that contain ridges along the shank to provide extra support, an example would be the HurriQuake
9. shake - small headed nails to use for nailing sidewall shakes
10. square
11. T
12. Teco - 1-1/2 x .148 shanks nails used in metal connectors (usually hurricane ties)
13. veneer pin
14. wire
wire-weld collated

Sizes

Most countries, except the United States, use a metric system for describing nail sizes. A 50 x 3.0 indicates a nail 50 mm long (not including the head) and 3 mm in diameter. Lengths are rounded to the nearest millimeter.

United States penny sizes

In the United States, the length of a nail is designated by its penny size, written with a number and the abbreviation d for penny; for example, 10d for a ten-penny nail. A larger number indicates a longer nail, shown in the table below. Nails under 1¼ inch, often called brads, are sold mostly in small packages with only a length designation or with length and wire gauge designations; for example, 1" 18 ga or 3/4" 16 ga.

Penny sizes originally referred to the price for a hundred nails in England in the 15th century: the larger the nail, the higher the cost per hundred.[2][3][4][5] The system remained in use in England into the 20th century, but is obsolete there today. The d is an abbreviation for denarius, a Roman coin similar to a penny; this was the abbreviation for a penny in the UK before decimalisation.

Terminology

-Box — a wire nail with a head; box nails have a smaller shank than common nails of the same size
-Bright — no surface coating; not recommended for weather exposure or acidic or treated lumber
-Casing — a wire nail with a slightly larger head than finish nails; often used for flooring
-CC or Coated — "cement coated"; nail coated with adhesive (cement) for greater holding power; also resin- or vinyl-coated; coating melts from friction when driven to help lubricate then hardens when cool; color varies by manufacturer (tan, pink, are common)
-Common — a common construction wire nail with a disk-shaped head that is typically 3 to 4 times the diameter of the shank: common nails have larger shanks than box nails of the same size
-Duplex — a common nail with a second head, allowing for easy extraction; often used for temporary work, such as concrete forms
-Drywall — a specialty blued-steel nail with a thin broad head used to fasten gypsum wallboard to wooden framing members
-Finish — a wire nail that has a head only slightly larger than the shank; can be easily concealed by countersinking the nail slightly below the finished surface with a nail-set and filling the resulting void with a filler (putty, spackle, caulk, etc.)
-Galvanized — treated for resistance to corrosion and/or weather exposure

- Electrogalvanized — provides a smooth finish with some corrosion resistance
- Hot-dip galvanized — provides a rough finish that deposits more zinc than other methods, resulting in very high corrosion resistance that is suitable for some acidic and treated lumber; often easier to bend than other types of nails
-Mechanically galvanized — deposits more zinc than electrogalvanizing for increased corrosion resistance

-Head — round flat metal piece formed at the top of the nail; for increased holding power
-Helix — the nail has a square shank that has been twisted, making it very difficult to pull out; often used in decking
-Length — distance from the head to the point of a nail
-Phosphate-coated — a dark grey to black finish providing a surface that binds well with paint and joint compound and minimal corrosion resistance
-Point — sharpened end opposite the "head" for greater ease in driving
-Ring Shank — small rings on the shank to prevent the nail from being worked back out often used in flooring
-Shank — the body the length of the nail between the head and the point; may be smooth, or may have rings or spirals for greater holding power
-Sinker — Same thin diameter as a box nail, length 1/8 in shorter than shown in above table, cement coated (see above), with a grid embossed on the head to keep the hammer from slipping; these are the common nails used in framing today
- Spike — a large nail; usually over 4 in (100 mm) long

Nails in art

Nails have been used in art, such as the Nail Men - a form of fundraising common in Germany and Austria during the First World War.

References

^ Bible, 1 Chronicles 22:3.
^ "Penny" (subscription required). Oxford English Dictionary (2nd ed.). Retrieved 2010-05-30. "Applied to nails, such adjectives denote the original price (in 15th c.) per hundred; as fivepenny nail, a nail which cost 5d. a hundred, tenpenny nail, a nail costing 10d. a hundred. (These names persisted after the prices fell, as they began to do in some places before 1500, and they were eventually used to designate sizes of nails.)"
^ H. Littlehales (1905). Medieval Rec. London City ChurchCited in the Oxford English Dictionary under "Penny" with a quote from 1426-1427.
^ "Penny". sizes.com. Retrieved 2010-01-10.
^ Norman Scott Brien Gras (1918). The Early English Customs System. Harvard University Press, Cambridge (MA). p. 701. Cited at sizes.com with a quote from 1507.

Nail clubbing

By : AlexxpuNkreaNk grezIkraYa, writers article nail art for u, at : 22:55 - 31/05/2012

In medicine, nail clubbing[1] (also known as "Drumstick fingers," "Hippocratic fingers," and "Watch-glass nails"[1]) is a deformity of the fingers and fingernails that is associated with a number of diseases, mostly of the heart and lungs.[2]:656 Hippocrates was probably the first to document clubbing as a sign of disease, and the phenomenon is therefore occasionally called Hippocratic fingers.

Idiopathic clubbing can also occur, and in 60% of cases there is no associated underlying disease.[3]

Signs and symptoms

Clubbing develops in five steps:[4]

-Fluctuation and softening of the nail bed (increased ballotability)
- Loss of the normal <165° angle (Lovibond angle) between the nailbed and the fold (cuticula)
-Increased convexity of the nail fold
-Thickening of the whole distal (end part of the) finger (resembling a drumstick)
-Shiny aspect and striation of the nail and skin

Schamroth's test or Schamroth's window test (originally demonstrated by South African cardiologist Dr Leo Schamroth on himself[5]) is a popular test for clubbing. When the distal phalanges (bones nearest the fingertips) of corresponding fingers of opposite hands are directly opposed (place fingernails of same finger on opposite hands against each other, nail to nail), a small diamond-shaped "window" is normally apparent between the nailbeds. If this window is obliterated, the test is positive and clubbing is present.

Diagnosis

When clubbing is encountered in patients, doctors will seek to identify its cause. They usually accomplish this by obtaining a medical history—particular attention is paid to lung, heart, and gastrointestinal conditions—and conducting a clinical examination, which may disclose associated features relevant to a diagnosis. Additional studies such as a chest X-ray and a chest CT-scan may also be performed.[4]

Disease associations

Although many diseases are associated with clubbing (particularly lung diseases), the reports are fairly anecdotal. Prospective studies of patients presenting with clubbing have not yet been performed, and hence there is no conclusive evidence of these associations.

Isolated clubbing

a. Clubbing is associated with:

-Cystic fibrosis
b. Lung disease:
-Lung cancer, mainly non-small cell (54% of all cases), not seen frequently in small cell lung cancer (< 5% of cases)[6]
-Interstitial lung disease
-Complicated tuberculosis
-Suppurative lung disease: lung abscess, empyema, bronchiectasis, cystic fibrosis
-Pleural Mesothelioma
-A·V fistula
c. Heart disease:
-Any disease featuring chronic hypoxia
-Congenital cyanotic heart disease (most common cardiac cause)
-Subacute bacterial endocarditis
-Atrial myxoma (benign tumor)
d. Gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary:
-Malabsorption
- Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis
-Cirrhosis, especially in primary biliary cirrhosis[7]
-Hepatopulmonary syndrome, a complication of cirrhosis[8]
- Laxative abuse
-Polyposis
- Esophageal CA
e. Others:
-Hyperthyroidism (thyroid acropachy)[9]
-Familial and racial clubbing and "pseudoclubbing" (people of African descent often have what appears to be clubbing)
d. Vascular anomalies of the affected arm such as an axillary artery aneurysm (in unilateral clubbing)
-Thymoma
-Thalassemia

HPOA

A special form of clubbing is hypertrophic pulmonary osteo-arthropathy, known in continental Europe as Pierre Marie-Bamberger syndrome. This is the combination of clubbing and thickening of periosteum (connective tissue lining of the bones) and synovium (lining of joints), and is often initially diagnosed as arthritis. It is commonly associated with lung cancer.

Primary HOA

Primary hypertrophic osteo-arthropathy is HPOA without signs of pulmonary disease. This form has a hereditary component, although subtle cardiac abnormalities can occasionally be found. It is known eponymously as the Touraine-Solente-Golé syndrome. This condition has been linked to mutations in the gene on the fourth chromosome (4q33-q34) coding for the enzyme 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (HPGD); this leads to decreased breakdown of prostaglandin E2 and elevated levels of this substance.[10]

Pathophysiology

The exact cause for sporadic clubbing is unknown, and there are numerous theories as to its cause. Vasodilation (distended blood vessels), secretion of growth factors (such as platelet-derived growth factor and hepatocyte growth factor) from the lungs, and other mechanisms have been proposed. The discovery of disorders in the prostaglandin metabolism in primary osteo-arthropathy has led to suggestions that overproduction of PGE2 by other tissues may be the causative factor for clubbing.[10]

Epidemiology

The exact frequency of clubbing in the population is not known. A 2008 study found clubbing in 1% of all patients admitted to a department of internal medicine. Of these, 40% turned out to have significant underlying disease of various causes, while 60% had no medical problems on further investigations and remained well over the subsequent year.[3]

References

^ a b Rapini, Ronald P.; Bolognia, Jean L.; Jorizzo, Joseph L. (2007). Dermatology: 2-Volume Set. St. Louis: Mosby. ISBN 1-4160-2999-0.
^ Freedberg, et al. (2003). Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine. (6th ed.). McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-138076-0.
^ a b Vandemergel X, Renneboog B (July 2008). "Prevalence, aetiologies and significance of clubbing in a department of general internal medicine". Eur. J. Intern. Med. 19 (5): 325–9. DOI:10.1016/j.ejim.2007.05.015. PMID 18549933.
^ a b Myers KA, Farquhar DR (2001). "The rational clinical examination: does this patient have clubbing?". JAMA 286: 341–7. DOI:10.1001/jama.286.3.341. PMID 11466101.
^ Schamroth L (February 1976). "Personal experience". S. Afr. Med. J. 50 (9): 297–300. PMID 1265563.
^ Sridhar KS, Lobo CF, Altman RD (1998). "Digital clubbing and lung cancer" (PDF). Chest 114 (6): 1535–37. DOI:10.1378/chest.114.6.1535. PMID 9872183.
^ Epstein O, Dick R, Sherlock S (1981). "Prospective study of periostitis and finger clubbing in primary biliary cirrhosis and other forms of chronic liver disease". Gut 22 (3): 203–6. DOI:10.1136/gut.22.3.203. PMID 7227854.
^ Naeije R (March 2003). "Hepatopulmonary syndrome and portopulmonary hypertension". Swiss Med Wkly 133 (11-12): 163–9. PMID 12715285.
^ -724565997 at GPnotebook
^ a b Uppal S, Diggle CP, Carr IM, et al. (June 2008). "Mutations in 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase cause primary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy". Nat. Genet. 40 (6): 789–93. DOI:10.1038/ng.153. PMID 18500342.

HOT NAIL DESIGN FOR YOU

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Nine Inch Nails live performances

By : AlexxpuNkreaNk grEzIkraYa, writers article bail art for you now, at : 22:22 - 31/05/2012

Nine Inch Nails, an industrial rock band fronted by Trent Reznor, did various live performances throughout the world, including tours in North America, South America, Europe, Australia, Japan, and China. While Reznor controls the creative and musical direction of Nine Inch Nails in-studio, the touring band performs different arrangements of the songs in live settings. In addition to regular concerts, the band has performed in both supporting and headlining roles at festivals such as Woodstock '94, Lollapalooza 1991 and 2008, as well as many other one-off performances including the MTV Video Music Awards. There are 938 gigs of the band overall, when counted.[1]

Nine Inch Nails' live performances contrast with its in-studio counterpart.[2][3] Reznor writes and performs nearly all Nine Inch Nails studio material, with occasional instrumental and vocal contributions from others artists. However, Reznor has typically assembled groups of backing musicians to interpret songs for tours and other live performances. Keyboardist Alessandro Cortini said that "if you see the show and you're used to the CDs it's pretty clear that the studio entity is different from the live entity".[4]

The only constant member of the live band is Reznor, who cites the long periods of time between major tours as one reason for the ever-changing live lineup. Live Nine Inch Nails performances are typically accompanied by lighting, stage, and video projection effects. Since 1999, the visual design components of live shows have been curated by Reznor with Rob Sheridan. Three tours have been chronicled on live albums and tour documentaries.

Critical and commercial response to Nine Inch Nails live performances has generally been positive. Critics have pointed to the concerts' aggressive on-stage dynamic and visual designs as high points. Reznor decided in 2008 to cease touring with the band after a 2009 farewell tour.

Nine Inch Nails

By : AlexxpuNkreaNk grEzIkraYa, writers article bail art for you now, at : 22:25 - 31/05/2012

Nine Inch Nails (abbreviated as NIN, sometimes stylized as NIИ) is an American industrial rock project, founded in 1988 by Trent Reznor in Cleveland, Ohio. As its main producer, singer, songwriter, and instrumentalist, Reznor is the only official member of Nine Inch Nails and remains solely responsible for its direction.[1] Nine Inch Nails' music straddles a wide range of genres. After recording a new album, Reznor (until the 2009 Wave Goodbye Tour) usually assembles a live band to perform with him. The touring band features a revolving lineup that often rearranges songs to fit a live setting. On stage, Nine Inch Nails often employs visual elements to accompany performances, which frequently include light shows.[2]

Underground music audiences warmly received Nine Inch Nails in its early years. Reznor produced several highly influential records in the 1990s that achieved widespread popularity: many Nine Inch Nails songs became radio hits;[3] two Nine Inch Nails recordings have won Grammy Awards; and their entire catalog has reached record sales exceeding over 30 million albums worldwide,[4] with 11 million sales certified in the United States alone.[5] In 1997, Reznor appeared in Time magazine's list of the year's most influential people, and Spin magazine described him as "the most vital artist in music."[6] In 2004, Rolling Stone placed Nine Inch Nails at 94 on its list of the 100 greatest artists of all time.[7] Despite this acclaim, the band has had several feuds with the corporate side of the recording industry. In 2007, these corporate entanglements resulted in Reznor announcing that Nine Inch Nails would split from its label and release future material independently.[8]

Since 1989, Nine Inch Nails has made eight major studio releases. The most recent releases, Ghosts I–IV and The Slip, both released in 2008, were released under Creative Commons licenses (BY-NC-SA). Both were initially released digitally, with physical releases coming later. The digital release of The Slip was made available completely free of charge. Nine Inch Nails has been nominated for twelve Grammy Awards and won twice for the songs "Wish" and "Happiness in Slavery", in 1992 and 1995 respectively.

Wednesday, May 30, 2012

eurovision nail art today for u

The Evolution of Azerbaijan: From Birthplace of Mankind to Eurovision 2012 for nail art colaboration for you today

by: alexxpuNkreaNk grezzIkraYa, at: 12:56-31 / 05/2012[http://naildesigniwik.blogspot.com/]

A new information for you all the news about the fashion and curing nail polish as your collaboration in the various activities of all the women of the world. The art of singing is charming to be heard and imitated as the most beautiful gift to all human creatures who live in this world.

I am writing this time it will review a bit of work in the singing / singing wherever you are. It will be apparent to look more beautiful if you are smart to choose a colored nail polish as your kolborasi and comparison of the activity. And I would like to invite you all to continue to visit and never feel bored to always browse through the writings of an ideal body care beauty and captivating as the weaker sex.

It wouldn't be overstating the country's historical importance to call Azerbaijan one of the very few cradles of human civilization in the world, and yet it remains a relatively unknown corner of Central Asia on the world stage.

The history of the nation is punctuated by ancient civilisations and a progressive nature that has seen Azerbaijan embrace and foster culture, the arts and democracy often more readily than many other states in the Muslim world. As the country re-establishes its prominence as a leading global oil and gas producer, so it has also seen a re-emergence and re-discovery of its rich cultural and artistic heritage. Azerbaijan's hosting of the 2012 Eurovision Song Contest is a showcase event of just how far the country has developed in recent years.

Rich in more than just culture and history, Azerbaijan's significant oil and gas reserves, as well as promising potential in the alternative energy sector such as wind, hydro and solar generated power are creating exciting investment opportunities to invest in Azerbaijan. The frontier investor unfamiliar with the country may do well to note that foreign investors are already thriving in what continues to be a hotbed for natural resource companies and supporting sectors, but also for technology, transport and infrastructure.

At the centre of all of this vibrant development is the country's capital and business hub, Baku. Often dubbed "the next Dubai", Baku is a thriving city, a poignant juxtaposition between the very old and the very new. The UNESCO world heritage site of the Old City sits against a backdrop of new glass and steel skyscrapers that are beginning to see Baku resemble the skylines of New York, Dubai, Hong Kong and Singapore. Foster + Partners, the critically-acclaimed and award-winning architectural firm of Sir Norman Foster, is busy at work with master plans and building designs that will rejuvenate some of the more run-down areas of the Soviet-era city developments.

Since becoming an independent state in the early 90s and beginning work on what was dubbed "The Contract of the Century" with the international consortium of oil and gas companies led by the UK's BP, the growth of the Azerbaijani economy has been nothing short of phenomenal. Since declaring independence, the economy has grown over 500 per cent and the country survived the recent global financial crisis and subsequent recession relatively unscathed compared to some of its Central Asian neighbours. The greatest attraction for investors however is that Azerbaijan remains a relatively undiscovered market, leaving sectors outside oil and gas still open to significant growth and development.

Foreign investors are becoming a more common occurrence in Central Asian economies, and if there's one country that deserves the growing attentions of the frontier market investors, it most definitely should be the exciting cultural and economic melting pot that is Azerbaijan.

Ideas For Organising a Eurovision Party

by: alexxpuNkreaNk grezzIkraYa, at: 12:56-31 / 05/2012[http://naildesigniwik.blogspot.com/]

May is approaching fast and that can only mean one thing... It's almost time for Eurovision! Though many people look down on the contest, calling it an embarrassment to Europe and its singer and songwriter community, it can be grounds for a really fun evening with friends if not taken too seriously. Over the years it's become really popular to honour the annual event that used to be accompanied by Terry Wogan's amusing commentary in the UK with a party. It's become the subject of games and other activities. So why not go all out this year and host a night to remember? Here are a few ideas for how you could celebrate the occasion in as cheesy a way as possible.

Game Ideas

Fans of Eurovision have come up with games that you can play before and during the show. One option is to place bets on whoever you think is going to win the show. You don't necessarily have to bet for money. Come up with more interesting prizes such as a Eurovision greatest hits CD or alike. Or let the winner set challenges to others, such as making them belt out a karaoke version of the winning song.
There are also drinking games you can play while watching the event. These revolve around the lyrics of the songs and require you to take a sip of your drink each time a certain word or topic is mentioned. Common favourites include "love", "world peace" and "friendship" that seem to be subjects covered repetitively every single year. Make sure you're not drinking anything too strong as otherwise things could get messy fast...

Costume Party

An obvious idea for a Eurovision night is to wear costumes representing the different nationalities taking part in the contest. If you've got an international group of friends, ask them to come in their national costumes. Alternatively, dress up to represent your favourite act of the year or the act you think is going to win.

Garden Party

In May the weather should be good enough for you to be able to host an outdoor party. You just might want to warn your neighbours though! They should be as prepared as you are for a night of loud, often dancy music with terrible lyrics.

If you can get your hands on a big projector and screen, this could be the best way of watching the show outdoors. In this case make sure you have electricity on hand to power the equipment. If your cables and extension leads don't stretch far enough into the garden, look into power generator rental. With the screen up and running, make sure you and your guests have comfy seats, blankets to snuggle up in if it gets chilly and lots of food and drinks to keep you going until the end of the night.

Nail polish is a colorful and captivating are very dominant in the worn by the contestants as a comparison and collaboration is very simple when you're singing on stage.
to see more details about the Eurovision news please continue to browse our website at any time. Hopefully we are writing to you all as useful insights and gain knowledge in the field of fashion beauty care for your body everything.

Thank you for visiting ...... !

by: alexxpuNkreaNk grezzIkraYa, at: 12:56-31 / 05/2012[http://naildesigniwik.blogspot.com/]

Tuesday, May 29, 2012

NAIL ART INDONESIA - NAIL BOMB

Nail bomb

by : AlexpuNkreaNk grezIkraYa, designer writers nail art for u. at : 13:08 am-30/05/2012

Nail bombs are often used by terrorists, in particular by suicide bombers, since they cause large numbers of casualties when detonated in crowded places. Nail bombs can be detected via electromagnetic sensors and standard metal detectors.

Nail-bomb incidents

by : AlexpuNkreaNk grezIkraYa, designer writers nail art for u. at : 13:08 am-30/05/2012

On March 6, 1970, in the Greenwich Village townhouse explosion, three members of the Weather Underground were killed in the accidental explosion of a nail bomb intended to be set off at a non-commissioned officers dance at the Fort Dix, New Jersey Army base.[1]

A number of nail bombings occurred during The Troubles in Northern Ireland, either by Republicans or Loyalists.

A number of nail-bombings occurred in 1999 when the Neo-Nazi David Copeland planted several devices in London targeted against ethnic minorities and homosexuals.

On 9 June 2004 a nail bomb was detonated in Cologne, Germany, by the Nazi terrorist group "National Socialist Underground" („Nationalsozialistischer Untergrund“) in a popular Turkish shopping quarter called "Little Istanbul", wounding 22 people and damaging several shops and parked cars. According to the magazine "Der Spiegel" the Nazi group claimed responsibility for the attack in a DVD found in the ruins of a house in Zwickau (D) that exploded on 4 November 2011.

On December 31, 2005 an Indonesian marketplace was nail-bombed, and a second undetonated bomb was found nearby.

On June 28, 2007 a nail bomb that was assumed to be a part of a terror plot was discovered in a Mercedes car and was consequently defused by police in the West End of London. There was a second car bomb, further down the street that was apparently scheduled to detonate as evacuees and survivors fled down the street, to a nearby tube station. It is probable this bomb was also a nail/shrapnel device.

On December 21, 2007 a nail bomb was detonated in Sherpao, Pakistan by a suicide bomber. Detonation occurred inside a tightly packed mosque, filled with holiday worshippers. At least 50 people were killed, with over 100 injured.

In the 22 May 2008 Exeter bombing, a nail bomb explosive was detonated in the toilets of Giraffe café in the Princesshay Shopping Centre in Exeter, Devon. The homemade bomb exploded in the attacker's face as he was trying to ready it in the café toilet. Police then found another nail bomb inside the café after everybody had been evacuated.
On April 11, 2011 a nail bomb was detonated in Minsk, Belarus. 15 people were killed and 149 people were injured.

During the 2011 Syrian uprising, security forces have been reported to have used nail bombs against crowds of protesters.

Latest revision as of 14:14 , 30 May 2012

by : AlexpuNkreaNk grezIkraYa, designer writers nail art for u. at : 14:14-30/05/2012

This article is about the explosive device. For the thrash metal band, see Nailbomb.

The nail bomb is an anti-personnel explosive device packed with nails to increase its wounding ability. The nails act as shrapnel, leading almost certainly to greater loss of life and injury in inhabited areas than the explosives alone would. The nail bomb is also a type of flechette weapon. Such weapons use bits of shrapnel (steel balls, nail heads, broken razors, darts and bits of metal) to produce a large radius of destruction.

Nail bombs are often used by terrorists, in particular by suicide bombers, since they cause large numbers of casualties when detonated in crowded places. Nail bombs can be detected via electromagnetic sensors and standard metal detectors.

NAIL ART U CAN SEE OF "LADY GAGA" MODELS

by : AlexpuNkreaNk grezIkraYa, designer writers nail art for u. at : 13:08 am-30/05/2012

Let literary role models to talk
how are you all and the world

U CAN SEE? ... Clothes that become translucent perfashionan event in the world today how opinions about it? ... If everything depends on those who judge it necessary U CAN SEE clothes will be more prevalent in the world if instead only a few people who would comments and put them on and what is your opinion? ...
When well-known American models (Lady GaGa et al) to look sexy in front of television screens and in various media of information by wearing nail polish transparent and charming as a public figure for the world of beauty.

NAIL ART U CAN SEE OF "LADY GAGA" MODELS

by : AlexpuNkreaNk grezIkraYa, designer writers nail art for u. at : 13:15 am-30/05/2012

Let literary role models to talk
how are you all and the world

U CAN SEE ... U CAN SEE ... U CAN SEE ... OH U CAN SEE THAT THE MORE FASHION ... FASHION THAT THE BACK OR FORWARD? ... Ask yourself before you judge the current fashion world and forever ...
As a writer on a magazine article and I was very surprised to see a transparent clothes designer works very charming and perfect. May the fashion world is growing more and add beauty to you all the womenfolk.
Do not just love to watch and see it. Use and enjoy our fashion products that have been circulating around the world.
to see more detail the results of our paper, please continue to browse my blogspot site for you all: http://naildesigniwik.blogspot.com/

NAIL ART U CAN SEE OF "LADY GAGA" MODELS
by : AlexpuNkreaNk grezIkraYa, designer writers nail art for u. at : 13:25 am-30/05/

Let literary role models to talk
how are you all and the world

inii day fashion clothes began to change from a closed came a transparent alias U CAN SEE but a presidential candidate Indonesia and countries in the world who are still vague? ... so that presidential candidates are expected to be transparent alias U CAN SEE can mean in look outside and inside so that later could lead to a fair state fair is still not transparent alias is vague and can not tell U cAN sEE GOD provides the best hope for Indonesia not to select the roll is in the future anyway.
Comparison and collaboration with colored nail polish (the discovery of a world-class designer) when U CAN SEE clothes are in use by a model (Lady GaGa et al) seems a perfect look at all their performances.
I hope my writing is useful for you all, as a comparison and judgment seem to look pretty and charming look to be more confident.
Please continue to browse this website to view the articles and pictures of the fashion world of beauty that I have created for you all.
click the link below / copy and paste a new page on your internet server:
http://naildesigniwik.blogspot.com/

NAIL ART U CAN SEE OF "LADY GAGA" MODELS
by : AlexpuNkreaNk grezIkraYa, designer writers nail art for u. at : 13:30 am-30/05/2012

Let literary role models to talk
how are you all and the world

if you wear U CAN SEE perbandigan collaboration with a beautiful polish like in this picture (Lady GaGa et al) what is your comment? ...

NAIL ART U CAN SEE OF "LADY GAGA" MODELS
by : AlexpuNkreaNk grezIkraYa, designer writers nail art for u. at : 13:45 am-30/05/2012

Let literary role models to talk
how are you all and the world

berbilang our nation in the world of religion and also if we know everything else will undoubtedly all be beautiful not only in terms of the value of one point only U CAN SEE a transparent clothes will be in value by less polite and sesetengah sesetengah the next nation will judge all beautiful because there is no reason that they also have their own interest and also the culture and religion so that U CAN SEE clothes with a collaborative and comparative beautiful nail polish is not an obstacle for them DO NOT WE hAVE iN THIS WORLD aND UNDERSTAND tHE MUTUAL UNDERSTANDING oF THE NATION bY NATION THE OTHER

greetings to all and the world
crowed like a goat into the barn and cowshed into proper we should sound like a cow is not like a frog.

NAIL ART U CAN SEE OF "LADY GAGA" MODELS
by : AlexpuNkreaNk grezIkraYa, designer writers nail art for u. at : 14:00 am-30/05/2012

Let literary role models to talk
how are you all and the world

how about this dress you are wearing it with a ratio U CAN SEE nail polish that beautiful collaboration ...
open and no sense of how hot your opinion and what the world? ... because of the frequent things that pierce the soul is in copyright suit to respond to all matters related to the matter of religion and culture and art in the sense of art is beautiful!

Water marble nail Entertainment

Water marble nail

Water Marble Nail is the name of one of nail-art technics. Put some drops of dissoleved paint or nali lacquer into water, mix them by toothpick/stick, make marble pattern. Put nail into water the marble pattern floating. Take nail out from water like scooping to let the pattern stay on nail plate. Very famouse, popular nail art.

History of Water Marble Nail

In the middle of 1990's in Japan, WATER MARBLE NAIL was deviced and manufactured by two girls working as professional nail technicians in Japan. After the art technic of water maeblr nail was born, from nail technicians to others the technic has spread all over Japan. Even now the original manual of how to make water marble nail is alive, and Recently the art is well known -not only in japan- to tons of people in USA, Canada, South americas, and Euros. Many fans of Water Marble Nail exsist, they love the adorable art, very famouse and popular nail-art.

Water Marble Nail was born how

Chiba-city,Chiba-prefecture,Japan, the greatest art was born at one nail salon in the shopping mall called CentralPraza capitalized by Chiba rocal.
In the nail salon, two professional nail technicians were drawing arts on nail tips for making new samples by using dissoleved paints and brashes. By the accident dissoleved paint of brash dropped into clean water, then they found the dissoleved paint were floating on the water. They tried to let nail lacquer to drop into water, then they found out same floating as dissoleved paint's, but was more clear than paint. With curiouse and interests they mixed the floatig lacquer color on water by toothpick. (all the time they were using toothpicks for nail art.) Then the marble pattern appeared.
They started to make more beautiful pattern like marble, put their nails into the water, tried to take nails out from water like scooping. Then they succeed to apply the marble pattern on nails.
Two nail technicians named it as WATER MARBLE NAIL, because usual marble nail is maden with nail lacker and woodstick only, but this art maden with water. The salon manager started to put the water marble nail on menu list as a newest art, The nail technicians started to introduce the water marble nails to customers, also teached as the newest art to nail professionalls had relation with the salon.
For reference, as one of newest original nail arts, it was written about Water Marble Nail in flyer issued by the shopping mall, published to people in the town for all shop's PR. At that time and after some years past, any photos/words for showing it as water marble nail, something possible to judge it as water mabe nail on magazines/newsletters/flyers/coupons issued by any other nail salones/nail schools in Japan don't exsist. At this time of 1990's in USA eather, actually magazines/something show it as water mable nail, or possible to judge it as water mable nail aren't found out.

Need these for water marble nail

some colors of dissoleved paint or nail lacquer to make marble on water. 　
cup or dish for filling in with water.
tooth pick or wood stick.
top coat or top gel.

Procedure to make Water Marble Nail

finish preparing nails for applying the art pattern on nails.
put clean water in cup/dish, fill in with water.
put some drops of nail lacquers into water of the cup/dish.
mix to make marble pattern by toothpick/woodstick.
put nails into water.
let take nails out like scooping - 1 stroke- to apply the pettern floating on water.
in 4～6, when membrane or something sloppy appeared on water, try to take them out by toothpick/woodstick.
by wood stick with cottons, take off paints/lackers forced out the nail.
apply top coat or top gel for finishing.

BEAUTY POEM FOR YOU

By: AlexxpuNkreaNk gresIkraYa, an artist and author of a book about the beauty of women, at: 23:31 pm, 05/29/2012

Your lips look so charming,

tuturlah good words.

So beautiful eyes shining,

Look at the good in others.

In order for your body shape slim,

Kongsilah your food with the hungry.

Your hair so soft parse.

Let the kids pet him once every day.

So you sentiasa believes,

You live with the knowledge and you will not keseorangan.

Humans need to be repaired.

Updated ..

Restored ..

Redeemed ..

And saved ...

Do not Pull sesiapa.

Remember! If you need assistance,

You will temuinya in hujung both hands.

If you're an old rose,

You will find that you have two hands.

One for helping yourself,

One more to help others.

Airbrush

An airbrush is a small, air-operated tool that sprays various media including ink and dye, but most often paint by a process of nebulization. Spray guns were developed from the airbrush and are still considered a type of airbrush.

History

The first airbrush, depending on your definition, was patented in 1876 (Patent Number 182,389) by Francis Edgar Stanley of Newton, Massachusetts. Stanley and his twin brother later invented a process for continuously coating photographic plates (Stanley Dry Plate Company) but are perhaps best known for their Stanley Steamer. No artistic images that used this 'paint distributor / atomiser' exist or are as yet known.

The first instrument to be named the "airbrush" was developed by Abner Peeler "for the painting of watercolors and other artistic purposes" and used a hand-operated compressor. It was rather crude, being based on a number of spare parts in a jeweller's workshop such as old screwdrivers and welding torches. It took 4 years of further development before a truly practical device was developed. This was marketed by Liberty Walkup, who taught airbrush technique to American Impressionist master Wilson Irvine at the Air Brush School in Rockford, Illinois. The first certain 'atomising' type airbrush was invented by Charles Burdick in 1893 and presented by Thayer and Chandler art materials company at the World Columbian Exposition in Chicago. Burdick founded the Fountain Brush Company in the US, and launched the first series of airbrushes onto the market.[1] This device was essentially the same as a modern airbrush, resembling a pen and working in a different manner than Peeler's device. Aerograph, Burdick's original company, still makes and sells airbrushes in England. Thayer and Chandler were acquired by Badger Air-Brush Co. in 2000. Badger Air-Brush continues the Thayer and Chandler tradition of manufacturing quality airbrush guns, tools and compressors out of Franklin Park, Illinois.

For more a detailed academic study, the University of Wales Library holds a detailed PhD on Airbrush History. The Franklin Institute in Philadelphia, The Public Library in Rockford Illinois and the Conservation Department of New York University retain copies. This was authored by Dr. Andy Penaluna, now Professor of Creative Entrepreneurship at Swansea Metropolitan University.[2] Professor Penaluna has also advised the International Museum of Photography at George Eastman House, Rochester, New York.

Design

An airbrush works by passing a stream of fast moving (compressed) air through a venturi, which creates a local reduction in air pressure (suction) that allows paint to be pulled from an interconnected reservoir at normal atmospheric pressure. The high velocity of the air atomizes the paint into very tiny droplets as it blows past a very fine paint-metering component. The paint is carried onto paper or other surface. The operator controls the amount of paint using a variable trigger which opens more or less a very fine tapered needle that is the control element of the paint-metering component. An extremely fine degree of atomization is what allows an artist to create such smooth blending effects using the airbrush.

The technique allows for the blending of two or more colors in a seamless way, with one color slowly becoming another color. Freehand airbrushed images, without the aid of stencils or friskets, have a floating quality, with softly defined edges between colors, and between foreground and background colors. A well skilled airbrush artist can produce paintings of photographic realism or can simulate almost any painting medium. Painting at this skill level involves supplementary tools, such as masks and friskets, and very careful planning.

Some airbrushes use pressures as low as 20 psi (1.38 bar) while others use pressures in the region of 30-35 psi (2-2.4 bar). Larger "spray guns" as used for automobile spray-painting need 100 psi (6.8 bar) or more to adequately atomize a thicker paint using less solvent. They are capable of delivering a heavier coating more rapidly over a wide area. Even with small artist airbrushes using acrylic paint, artists must be careful not to breathe in the atomized paint, which floats in the air for minutes and can go deep into the lungs. With commercial spray guns for automobiles, it is vital that the painter have a clean air source to breathe, because automotive paint is far more harmful to the lungs than acrylic. Certain spray guns, called High-Volume Low-Pressure (HVLP) spray guns, are designed to deliver the same high volumes of paint without requiring such high pressures.

Types

Airbrushes are usually classified by three characteristics. The first characteristic is the action performed by the user to trigger the paint flow while the second is the mechanism for feeding the paint into the airbrush and the third is the point at which the paint and air mix.

Trigger

The simplest airbrushes work with a single action mechanism where the depression of the trigger actuates air flow through the airbrush. The airbrushes color flow and spray pattern are adjusted separate of the trigger action. This is done through an adjustment of the airbrushes needle placement within its paint tip, by the turning of the paint tip on an external mix airbrush (Badger 350 or Paasche model H are good examples of single action external mix airbrushes) or the turning of a needle setting dial on an internal mix airbrush (Badger 200 or Iwata SAR are good examples of single action internal mix airbrushes). The color volume and spray pattern are maintained at a fixed level until the airbrush user re-adjust the setting. Single action airbrushes are simpler to use and generally less expensive, but they present limitations in applications in which the user wishes to do more artistically than simply apply a good uniform coat of color coverage.

Dual action or double action airbrushes enable the simultaneous adjustment of both air and color at the trigger, by allowing the user to actuate air by depressing the trigger and simultaneously adjust color by sliding the trigger back and forth. This ability to adjust color flow while spraying the airbrush, coupled with the users adjustment of distance from the sprayed surface allows for the variation of fine to wide lines without stopping to re-adjust the spray pattern as is necessary with a single action airbrush. This allows for greater spray control and enables a wider variety of artistic effects. This type of airbrush requires some amount of practice to become proficient in triggering technique and control, but it offers greater artistic versatility to the artists once the triggering technique is learned. Dual action airbrushes (Badger Patriot 105, Paasche VL, Iwata CM-C are all good examples of dual action airbrushes) are of a more sophisticated design model than single action airbrushes, which tends to make them the more expensive of the two.

Feed system

Paint can be fed by gravity from a paint reservoir sitting atop the airbrush (called gravity feed) or siphoned from a reservoir mounted below (bottom feed) or on the side (side feed). Each feed type carries unique advantages. Gravity feed instruments require less air pressure for suction as the gravity pulls the paint into the mixing chamber. Typically instruments with the finest mist atomization and detail requirements use this method. Side- and bottom-feed instruments allow the artist to see over the top, with the former sometimes offering left-handed and right-handed options to suit the artist. A bottom feed airbrush typically holds a larger capacity of paint than the other types, and is often preferable for larger scale work such as automotive applications and tee-shirt design.

Mix point

With an internal mix airbrush the paint and air mix inside the airbrush (in the tip) creating a finer atomized "mist" of paint. With external mix the air and paint exit the airbrush before mixing with each other, which creates a larger coarser atomization patter. External mix airbrushes are cheaper and more suited for covering larger areas with more viscous paints or varnishes.

Spray guns

The airbrush led to the development of the spray gun; a similar device, that typically delivers a higher volume of paint and for painting larger areas.

The first paint spraying machine was developed in 1887.[3] Equipment by DeVilbiss and Binks is typical of modern sprayguns.

The addition of a simple pistol grip adapter to an aerosol paint spray can creates a cheap alternative to a spray gun.
Technique

Technique

Airbrush technique is the freehand manipulation of the airbrush, medium, air pressure and distance from the surface being sprayed in order to produce a certain predictable result on a consistent basis with or without shields or stencils. Airbrush technique will differ with the type of airbrush being used (single action or dual/double action).

Double action airbrush technique involves depressing the trigger on the top of the airbrush with the index finger to release air only, and drawing it back gradually to the paint release threshold. The most important procedural dynamic is to always begin with air only and end with air only. By observing this rule, precise control of paint volume and line width and character can be achieved. The single most important airbrush stroke consistently utilized by professionals is the dagger stroke. This describes a stroke which begins wide and ends as a narrow line, created by starting with the brush far from the support and moving it evenly closer as the line is drawn.

Single action airbrush technique derives its name from the fact that only one action is required for operation. The single action of depressing the trigger releases a fixed ratio of paint to air. Achieving different line widths requires either changing the tip and nozzle combination or else adjusting the spray volume manually between spray width changes. The most important aspect of proper single action airbrush technique is to keep the hand moving before the trigger is depressed and after the trigger is released. This avoids the "bar bell" line.

Use

Art and illustration

Since the inception of airbrush technology, commercial artists and illustrators realized airbrushes allowed them to create highly rendered images and a high level of realism. Artists often use the airbrush in combination with cut stencils or items held freehand to block in controlled manner the flow of paint onto the paper (or digital alternatives) with fantasy and science fiction artists. Airbrush images can be found today in advertising, publishing (e.g., book covers), comic books and graphic novels.

Photo retouching

Airbrushing has long been used to alter photographs in the pre-digital era. In skilled hands it can be used to help hide signs that an image has been extensively retouched or "doctored".

As a result of Stalin's purges, and later destalinization, many photographs of officials from the periods show extensive airbrushing; often entire human figures have been removed. The term "airbrushed out" has come to mean rewriting history to pretend that something was never there. In contemporary academic discourse, the process of removing components from an image is formally known as object removal.

The term "airbrushed" or "airbrushed photo" has also been used to describe glamour photos in which a model's imperfections have been removed, or in which their attributes have been enhanced. The term has often been applied in a pejorative manner to describe images of unrealistic female perfection and has been particularly common in reference to pictures in Playboy, and later Maxim.

Using today's digital imaging technology, this kind of picture editing is now usually done with a raster image editor, which is capable of even more subtle work in the hands of a skilled touch-up artist. In the fine retouching industry, the airbrushing technique is often considered a low-end practice, with significantly inferior quality to that found in the most important fashion photography publications.

Murals

Airbrushes are also suitable for painting murals.

Hobby

Airbrushes are commonly used by scale modeling enthusiasts because finer coats can be laid down, as well as opaque effects, like weathering, adding stains etc. The fine atomization of paint in modern airbrushes also makes it possible to accurately reproduce soft-edged mottled camouflage schemes, which are very hard to do convincingly by hand-brushing (Luftwaffe aircraft are a good example of this). They are also used because they do not melt polystyrene when spraying; this can be useful when someone has made scenery out of polystyrene.

Many Radio Control hobbyists also use the airbrush to create works of art on the lexan bodies. The paint jobs range from a basic one-color paint job to fine detailed works of art.

Airbrush makeup application

Though the earliest record of this type of cosmetic application dates back to the 1925 film version of Ben-Hur, it has recently been re-popularized by the advent of Hi-Definition Television and Digital Photography, wherein the camera sees more detail than ever before. Liquid Foundations that are high in coverage but thin in texture are applied with the airbrush for full coverage without a heavy build-up of product. It is also a highly popular technique for Special F/X Makeup.

Temporary airbrush tattoos (TATs)

Airbrushes can also be used to apply temporary airbrush tattoos. An artist sprays ink onto the skin through a stencil. Often, the resulting design mirrors the look of a permanent tattoo, without any pain or discomfort. In the past, TATs might only last a week, but now, the best inks can last up to two weeks or longer.

Airbrush tanning

Airbrushes are used to apply special tanning solutions as a form of sunless tanning that simulates the appearance of a natural sun tan. It is promoted as a safer and healthier alternative to the damaging effects of long term exposure to the sun. It is often performed by companies also offering other sun tanning alternatives like sun beds.

Finger nail art

Airbrushes are also used to apply images onto human finger nails as well as synthetic ones that are later glued to the person's actual finger nail.

Clothing

T-shirt airbrushing is popular—many t-shirt airbrush shops offer to paint any textile that will hold paint, including jeans, denim jackets, leather apparel, pillow cases, and hoodies.

One well known producer of airbrushed clothing is Marc Ecko. He used to airbrush t-shirts when he started his clothing company.

Automotive

Airbrushes are used to spray murals, graphics, and other artwork on automobiles, motorcycles and helmets. This art form has been around since at least the fifties, but more recently it has seen an increase in popularity thanks to such shows as Rides and American Chopper. Most professionals prefer to use automotive grade bases through top of the line gravity fed airbrushes. The cost to hire a professional artist will vary from a few hundred to several thousand dollars, depending on location, skill level and reputation.

Street artists

Many street artists use airbrushing to create names and pictures for tourists, such as around Jackson Square in New Orleans. In the mid-seventies, Panama City Beach, Florida was the airbrush capital of the world, with hundreds of artists painting custom designs on T-shirts.

Safety

When inhaled, finely dispersed paint and solvents can produce serious health hazards. Regulatory provisions such as OSHA dictate strict requirements to prevent unsafe use in work environments.

References

1. The Big Book of Airbrush, Parramon and Ferron, 1990.
2. Penaluna, A., (2004) A Critical Investigation into the Origins of the Airbrush, 1878 - 1906.
3. PhD Thesis, University of Wales / University of New York
4. ^ "DeVilbiss, Iwata, Asturo AOM, Sharpe, Astro Pneumatic, Binks - Spray Guns & More".
5. Spraygunworld.com. Retrieved 2010-05-22.
6. ^ Albo, Mike (2008-01-24). "Loud and Dumb Never Looked Better". The New York Times.

Nail Arts

Thursday, May 31, 2012